the impact of drugs for brain
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the problem
Medicine is not strange word for us
especially for the people who work in the hospital or who get illness. There
are many medicines and these bring benefit for our lives.it is usually used for
diseases treatment . Medicine is divided into two kinds : medicine for health
purposes and drugs.
Paracetamol, amoxylin, antacida, are
included medicine for health purpose. It is used for diseases treatment.Meanwhile
the kinds of drugs are heroin, cannabis sativa, alcohol, amfetamin. Drugs are
used for illness remover, create happy feeling, and erase burden of life. It
will influence to brain’s system. Wherease brain is the important organ. How if
our brain damage?
Based on UNDCP (United Nations Drugs
Control Program) about 250 million human in the world consume drugs and mostly
drugs consumer are educated class and the youth. The teenagers try to do anything
to make themselves get impression from their friends, one of them is by using drugs.
NAPZA (Narcotica,Pshycotropica,and Addictive
subtances) are adductive substances which bring risk to the users.The users
will feel relaxed, happy, and no burden.
Because of those reasons above, the writer is interested in
choosing this topic to discuss in this scientific writing. The writer
chooses “the impacts of drugs for brain”
as her scientific writing.
1.2 The
statements of the problem
1. What
is drugs ?
2. What
are the impacts of drugs for brain?
3. How
do drugs impacts the brain system?
1.3 The
objectives of the problem
1. To
know what drugs is .
2. To
know the impacts of drugs for brain.
3. To
know how the drugs impacts to the brain
system.
1.4 The significance of study
This
scientific writing is expected to be useful for:
1.
Students
It
will motivate indonesian students to avoid using drugs. Because they will know
how danger the drug is.
2.
Society
It
will give information for society about the effect of drugs for brain, so that
they are aware of the danger of using drugs and also prevent young generation
for using drugs.
3.
Writer
After
finishing this writing, the writer can improve her english writing skill, she
has more knowledge about drugs and it is give impacts on brain.
CHAPTER
II
Review
to The Related Literature
2.1.
Definition and History of Drugs
Medicine is subtance or mixture of materials
to be used in determining of diagnosing, preventing, reducing, eliminating,
curing diseases or symptoms of diseases , injury or bodily or spiritual
disorders in humans or animals, including to beautify the parts of human body.
Medicine is divided into two kinds
that are medicine for health purpose and drugs.Medicine for health is usually
used in hospital for to relieving pain of patients during surgery and heal
diseases.
Drugs is abbreviation of narcotica, psychotropica, and
addictive. Drugs is an addictive
substance that gives dangerous effects for brain.
According to the history, narcotica
was used for the first time by the sumerians as a tool of treatment. The drug
is processed from the sap of subtropical plant called candu or poppy (papayer
souni ferum L).
In 1810, morphine in america began
to be developed as a painkiller and then the morphine spreaded widely to all of
countries in america. and it is known
more for medicine. But the high diseases and more frequent use of morphine will
get addiction of morphine. Morphine contains heroin which causes addiction
mentally and phisycally.
In 1874, people started to use
heroin because it is considered safe. Heroin belongs to drug that is mostly
used by community,because it is just used to treatment. In 1878, England passed
a law to reduce the use of heroin because its addictive reaction.
In 1906, american followed in making
laws which asked pharmacy providing clear labelling of drug for any content
they produced. It was intented to determine.
2.2 The kinds of drugs
1. Narcotics
Based on Law No:9/1976, narcotics are
natural ingredient,synthetic,and semysythetic that are used as substitution for
morphine or heroin, it can cause addiction.
Based on Law RI No:23/1997 Narcotics
are substances which are made from plant semysynthetic that can eliminate
consciousness, lose sense, reduce or produce pain and cause addiction.
The kinds of narcotics:
a. Cannabis
sativa /type of marijuana
Canabis
sativa, on the part of the cannabis plant, which contains a substance is a
narcotic sap (of flower / young leaves). Initially, marijuana is used as remedy for pain. But it
is turned out cause harmfull effect, so it is no longer used as treatment.
b.
Morphine
Morphine is obtained from the plant papaver
somniferum.it is useful for reducing
pain, providing a feelings of anxienty. In the medical world , morphine is used
to relieve cough illness and overcome the paint of surgery.
c.
Coca
Coca is a plant species used only for the dried leaves, and then
processed. The result is a white powder that is odorless, called cocain. Sucked
is way to use it. The effects are heart attack , kidney, stroke.
The
symptoms are fulminate , depresion, jumpy.
d.
Heroin
Heroin
is semysynthetic from opoida kind of white powder, granules, liquid and taste bitter.
Step to use heroin can be done in various ways :
1.
Dragon , it
sucked with lips through rolls of paper or plastic on top of the aluminium
foil.
2.
Sniffing , by
means of inhaled through the nostrils.
3.
Puff , by
putting in tobacco cigarettes.
4. Injection,
by injecting in body.
The symptoms are : calm, little apathy, the
euphoria, reduced level of consciousness, nausea, talk lisp.
2.
Psychotropics
Psychotropics comes from the word psyco,
means psychology and tropic means center. Psychotropics are compounds that work
on the central nerve system of brain. Based on Law paragraph 01 no 5/1997
psychotropics are natural subtances or synthetic not narcotic that is
psychoactive characteristic through selective
Influence on the central nerve system. The
effects are decreasing brain activity, bad occurence, illucination.
The kinds of psychotropic that are often
misused:
a. Deppresant
This type can reduce or
relieve the central nerve system. The users can feel asleep easily.
The type of depressants
are:
1.
Barbital
It is classified as a sedative used
to help making a quick sleep, dispel, anxienty, tension ,and frustation. In the
medical world, barbital used as sleping pills, epilepsy.
2.
Valium
It is usually
used to treat anxienty, panic attacks, insomnia, seizures, muscle spama alcohol
withdrawal. It can also be used before certain medical procedures to reduce
tension and anxienty, and in some surgical procedure to induce amnesia. Valium
has characteristics, they are: anticonvulsant, sedative, sceletal muscle,
amnestic.
3.
Rhypnol
Rhypnol is
another sedative that can be used as a date rape drug. The effect including low
blood pressure dizziness, abdominal cramps, confusion and impaired memory.
b.
Stimulant
The substances that work to
stimulate central nerve system. The stimulant type which is known more in
society is caffein. It is found in coffe or tea. The effect can make nerve
system be active.
c.
Hallucinogen
The substances that work directly
on the central nerve system have hallucination effect. Hallucinogen gives
stimulation to brain. The effects, depend on the situation of heart and the users. For example,
the user has depression before swallow it tend to feel more sad after
swallowing.
3.
Addictive
substances
Addictive substances are substances that have psychoactive influence,
but not narcotics and psychotropics, it is called psychoactive. Because it has
addicted effect if it is used continously.The kinds of addictive substances
are:
a.
Alcohol
drink
Alcohol drink is a drink content
of etanol. Etanol is a psycoactive material and the users awareness will
decrease. If it is consumed more, alcohol will give disorder of organic mental
effect that are disorder in function of think, behavior, and feeling.
b.
Inhalation
Inhalation and solven in the form
of volatile organic compounds, found in various household goods and office. The
effects are: dizzy,head spinning,mild hallucination, nausea, pulmonary function
disturb of heart and liver.
2.3 Human body
2.3.1 Frame work of head (skull)
The function for protecting an important organ in the head section, that
is brain.
Brain is the control system of all of human activities. The brain also
determines the physical and psychogical health of human beings. If the brain is
healthy, it can support a better quality of health. However, if the brain is in
trouble, it could have a negative impact on psychological health and body.
The brain is the most important human organ. If the brain stops working
one second, so the body will die. Because it is the brain that determines how
to think, feel, behave, respond to something.
The human brain consists of brain system, limbic system, and neocortex.
Neocortex is distinguishes the human brain with brain of other creatures, called
human because humans have brain to think.
Human brain is the most complicated to explain, it takes days to explain
in detail about the brain. Therefore, I will explain the parts of brain.
a.
Brain
stem
The brain stem is located in the bottom
of skull. In the medical language , is often called the brain stem. The
function of brain stem as respiratory
control, heart rate and reaction insinct in danger.
The brain stem will respond to any incidental events. Reflax action in
an earlier proof of the brain stem function. Reflex that occurs as a result of
the stimulus of the brain stem of the body related to the threat situation of
feeling uncomfortable about something. The brain stem was related to
instinctive animal instict in humans. This can be seen in everyday activities,
such as foraging, live, have children, get protection.
The brain stem is composed 3 parts:
1.
Mesenchepalon
(mid brain) is the middle top part of the brain
connection between brain stem and
cerebellum great. Midbrain controls vision and hearing.
2.
Medula oblongata
is the point of the spinal nerves of the body towards the left of the right
side of the body, and vice versa. Medulla serves to control the automatic
functions of the brain. Such as breathing, blood circulation, respiration, and
digestion.
3. Pons,
which determines whether we are awake or asleep. Pons is a transmitter that
sends the data to the center along with reticular formation of the brain.
b.
Limbic
system
Limbic system is located in the
middle part of the brain.the limbic system is also often referred to the brain
of mammals. The limbic system consist of hypotalmus, hippocampus and amyglada.
The limbic system has functions as governing emotion helps maintain hormonal
balance, thirst, hunger, sexual, drive, the center pleasure, metabolism, and
other long-term memory part. The limbic system has a vital role in forwarding
the information received into the system memory in humans. System memory is closely
associated with the ability of emotional brain.
In the limbic system, components of
hypotalamus is considered the most important element of the human brain. The
hypotalamus is located in the middle of the human brain. The hypotalamus is
crux of emotional strength. Function of hypotalamus is regulating hormones, desire,
sexual, emotion, eating, drinking, and oraginizing pituitari gland.
c.
Neocortex
Neocortex or often called brain
thinking is part of outer layers of human brain. Function neocortex is control
everything. Neocortex is also known as a center of human intellegence which is
not owned by any other creature.
Neocortex also allows to control
the reptile brain and emotion (limbic system). Neocortex serves motivation,
morale and give impression of a lack intimidatio or other malicious process.
2.3.2
Order
agencies
The bones of the neck, serves to prop up the head and protect the breathing
and vocal (sounds producer).
Strenum and ribs, serves to protect the organs in the chest, like the
heart (blood-pumping) and lung (breathing).
Backbone, serves to protect the spinal cord (containing nerve cells),
and serves as a member of the sustainer of the upper body. the pelvic bones
serve as a connector between the upper body and lower body and as a buffer the
abdomen internal organs (intensine and colon).
2.3.3
Members motion
The bones of the arm bone is made up of base the
arm, radius, ulna, bones of the wrist, palm ,and bones of the fingers of the hand.
Limb bones
consist of femur, bone shell knees, shins, bone calves, ankle bones, the bones
of the soles of the feet, and the bones of the toes.
CHAPTER
III
METHODS
OF WRITING
In making this scientific writing, the writer
had to use same methods and technique which consist of many steps, as follow:
3.1 Appointment of Theme
This scientific writing has theme
related to the science. This theme is determined by the school. However, the
writer tries to develop the theme on this scientific writing.
3.2 Appointment of Title
After studying the theme determining the
school and try to develope it, the writer chose the title of this scientific
writing is ” The Effect of Drugs for Brain“. The writer makes this title
based on the background in the previous chapter.
3.3 Collection of Data
This scientific writing entitled ” The
Effect of Drugs for Brain’’. The writer uses method of library research. The
writer has read some books which are related to the title and also looked for
some sources through internet, then made resumes of important things from the
sources which can be used to make the scientific writing.
3.4 Formation of Scientific Writing
From the source which had been gotten by
the writer. Further more, the writer starts to make her scientific writing
while discussing with the advisor until finishing this scientific writing.The
writer absolutely hopes that this scientific writing can be useful for everyone
especially her self.
CHAPTER
IV
DISCUSSION
4.1 kinds of drugs that impacts to
the nerve system
Drug is a substance that forms a
solid or a liquid or gas that causes physical changes in the occurrence and
influence on the body. Almost all drugs have an effect on the central nervous
system. The drugs react to the brain and can affect a person's mind feelings or
behavior, this is called a drug psycoactive.
Drugs can come from a variety of
sources. Many of the plants, for example the extraction of nicotine in tobacco,
coffee and cocaine from cafein and from coca plants. Morphine and codeine
obtained from opium crops, while heroin is made from morphine and codeine.
Marijuana comes from the leaves, stalks or seeds of plants kanabis (canabis
sativum) which has oil and derived from
the resin of the plant, as well as marijuana.
Alcohol is a product derived from
natural ingredients are also processed through the mechanism of fermentation,
it occurs when fruit, grains or vegetables made compost. Fungi such as mushroom
and several types of Cactus plants are processed into drugs that are
halusinogenic.
There are four kinds of drugs that
affect the nervous system, namely:
1. Sedative
Sedative is a drug that can lead to a decrease in the
normal activity of the brain. It gives effect in
center nervous system and less functional activity of body, so that the wearer
feel asleep easily . For example, valium.
2. Stimulant
Stimulant is
drug that can accelerate the brain works, which can
result body organ like increasing brain and heart movement, from generally.So
the consumer is more energetic and also tend to be happy all the time without
reason . For
example, cocaine.
3. Hallucinogen
Hallucinogen
is drug that lead to the onset of imagine for the wearer.
The substances that work directly on the central nerve system have
hallucination effect. For example, marijuana, ecstasy, and sabu-sabu.
4. Painkiller
Painkiller
is drug that hit the part of the brain which responsible for pain.
Useful for reducing pain, providing a feelings of anxienty. For
example, morphine and heroin.
The use of these drugs have an
impact on the working of the nervous system, such as loss of coordination of
the body, because the body of the wearer, dopamine deficiency. Dopamine is a
neurotransmitter found in the brain and was instrumental in the connecting on nerve
impulses to other nerve cells. This causes dopamine is not generated. When
nerve impulses to the head at the synapses, the bubble-bubble synapses will
approach the membrane presinapsis.
However, because dopamine is not
generated, the neurotransmitters cannot release their contents into the
synaptic cleft so that nerve impulses are carried across to the membrane can
not post synapses. The condition causes no occurrence of the post synaptic depolarisation
membrane potential work does not occur because
the nerve impulses cannot propagate to the next nerve cell.
Another effect of the use of illegal
drugs is the loss of control of motion (the user will overacting, like spirit
to work , muscle awareness (the muscle is tense because the drugs entered into
blood circulation), weakened heart rate ( the tick of heart will work
abnormally,so damage the tool respiration), going on stomach cramps so it cause
diarrhea,and even result in death.
The dangerous drugs that are
included in a group of drugs that affect the central nervous system (CNS/CNS) is
a drug that can be addictive (drug addict). According to the general
classification of drugs that affect the CNS many types exist that are addictive
and non-addictive.
Division of medicinal drugs that affected
the central nervous system:
1.Depresansia CNS Drugs
Drugs including the arthritis drug
is inhibiting activity of CNS specifically nor the public. Which include
inhibiting the CNS in General is a general anaesthetic in a group of drugs, in
this chapter that is not discussed. they are:
a. sedative drugs
Included in this category is drugs
that cause mild depression (sedative) effects happen to sleep (hipnotica). On
the effects of sedative sufferers will be quieter because of the sensitivity of
cortex serebrum decreases. In addition to environmental awareness, motor
activity and decreased spontaneous reactions.
The condition clinically symptoms indicate
sluggishness and drowsiness. The drug's sedative-hypnotic is Ethanol (alcohol).
b. the analgesic
The drugs is analgesic is a drug
that arthritis pain omission (opioid analgesic) drug and anti piretic anti
inflammatory drugs as well as the non-steroids. as discussed in this chapter
are the opioid analgesic drugs because these drugs may give rise to addictive
group, for example: Morphine, Pentazocine, Naloxone Codein, Etc.
2. Drug stimulansia SSP
Drug stimulansia works on the
nervous system by increasing the transmission to or left brain. The stimulant
can cause people increase the heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure.
Other physical effects is lower the appetite, pupil dilation, talkative,
agitation and sleep disorders. When granting excessive stimulant can cause
anxiety, panic, headaches, stomach spasms, aggressive and paranoid.
3. Halusinogenic Drug
Halusinogenic effect on the
perception of the drug for its users. People who consume such drugs will be the
person who often hallucinate, for example they hear or feel something that
turned out not to exist. The influence of the drug halusinogenic is highly
variable, making it difficult to forecast how or when they begin to
hallucinate.
The influence of the drug
halusinogenic is pupil dilation, increased activity ( the people will
overacting), a lot of talking or laughing, emosional, psycologic, sweating,panic,
euphoria, paranoid, loss of awareness of reality, irational, stomach cramps and
nausea.
4.2
How drugs work and impacts the brain
The drug gets into the body, by way
of ingested, inhaled, or injected, then drugs alter the biochemistry of the
neurotransmitter on the system arrangement of the limbus. Because there is drug
intake from the outside, the production in the body has stopped or interrupted,
so he will always need drugs from outside.
Drugs effect on the part of the brain
responsible for feelings of life. like Changes in mood (calming,
relaxed, happy, and
taste-free), Changes in the mind (stress disappear
and increasing imagination), Changes in behavior
(increasing familiarity, inhibits value, and
out of control).and then drugs will enter into the limbus
system: Hypothalamus ( the pleasure Centre in the brain ) is part of the
limbus. The drug produces a feeling of ' high ' by changing the biochemical
makeup of the molecules in the brain cells.
In brain cells there is an
assortment of chemicals called neurotransmitters. A chemical works on the nerve
cells of one connection with other nerve cells (Synapse). Some of the
neurotransmitter that is similar to some types of drugs. All psychoactive
substances (narcotics, psychotropic drugs and other addictive substances) can
change behaviors, feelings and thoughts of a person through its effects on more
neurotransmitters.
It happened on a dependency is a
kind of brain cells learning at the center of pleasure. If consuming drugs,
brain read that person's response. If the people feel comfortable, the brain
secretes the neurotransmitter and will give the impression of pleasant. If
using drugs again, people come back to feel as though her inner needs favors
sated. The brain will record it as something to be sought as a priority for
fun. As a result, the brain makes the program is wrong, as if the people that
need it as a basic requirement. Case addiction or dependence.
In spite of the bad impact, drug
users will feel there's a mood changing. All types of drugs change the way of
thinking and feeling of a person depends on the type.For users of narcotic
drugs, may not be realized if result do drugs will destroy the workings of her
brain. Drug usage greatly affect the working of the brain that serves as the
control center of the body and affect all body functions. Because it works on
the brain, drugs alter mood of feeling, thinking, consciousness and behavior of
the wearer. That is why the drug is called psychoactive substances.
On dependence, one should always do
drugs, if not, the symptoms are substance arise, if its use is stopped or
reduced in number. The symptoms depend on the type of drug used. Symptoms of a
broken opioida (heroin) is similar to the pain of heavy flu, runny, is out of
tears, body hair stand, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and
sleeplessness.
|
interaction with brain
|
|
drugs consumed by the people
|
|
drugs entered into blood circulation
|
WORK OF
DRUGS EFFECT TO THE BRAIN
|
entered into lymbus
system ;hypotalamus
|
|
neutrotransmitter chemical substances
|
|
chemical substances give massage to the brain
|
|
brain make the wrong program
|
4.3 What to do to addictive people.
1.
Perform preventive
manner (prevention), which is to form a community
that has durability
and resistance to drugs. Prevention is better
than eradication. Drug abuse prevention can be done in various ways, such as coaching and counseling
and supervision in
the family, counseling by a
competent person both in school and society, recitation by
scholars, monitoring places of
entertainment night by security
forces, control the distribution
of illegal drugs and perform other actions that
aim to reduce or
eliminate the chance of occurrence
of drug abuse.
2.
Repressive (enforcement), that is cracked
and combating drug
abuse through law and under the law, which is conducted by law enforcement or security forces assisted
by the community. If people know it
should be immediately reported
to the authorities (police) and should not be vigilante.
3.
approach through curative (treatment),
aimed at healing the
victims either medically or
with other media.
In Indonesia has many
established places of healing and rehabilitation
of drug addicts as grebes Respati Foundation,
boarding schools, foundations cottage Bina Love
etc.
4.
rehabilitation (rehab), do so after treatment of the victims do not recur "addictive"
drugs. Rehabilitation seeks to sympathize and
appropriately treat the victims of drugs in
order to get back into society in a state of physical
and spiritual health. We must not alienate the victims were already
aware Drugs and
repent, so they
do not fall back
as a drug addict.
CHAPTER
V
CLOSING
5.1 Conclusion
Based
on the result from this scientific writing, the writer has a conclusion that
is:
1.
Drug is a substance that forms a
solid or a liquid or gas that causes physical changes in the occurrence and
influence on the body. Drugs are divided
into three kinds, that is narcotica, psycotropyca, and addictive subtances.
2.
The most dangerous is psychotropic, because psychoactive
has natural effects for brain and behavior that can cause changes in mental
activity and behavior for the users. example: barbital,
valium.
3.
Almost all drugs have an effect on
the central nervous system, because the neurotransmitter in the brain is
connecting on nerve impluses to other nerve cells. The drugs reacted to the brain and can affect
a person's mind feelings, behavior, lost of coordination of body and it
makes addictive.
5.2 Suggestion
After knowing about all of the discussion above, the
writer hopefully will give the suggestion which has purpose to keep everybody
to stay away from drugs. don’t approach the user and don’t try to consume
drugs. Because try once, the people will consume again and always be closer
to the God.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aryulina,Diah.dkk.2004.Biologi
2 SMA dan MA untuk kelas XI.Jakarta:Esis.
Musami,Teguh.2011.Otak Sehat
Ingatan Dahsyat.Yogyakarta.Buku Pintar.
http;//aktivasiotak.com/fungsi_otak.htm
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2014 at 9.15 a.m
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